Designed by: James Barton Longacre
Issue Dates: 1864-1909
Composition: 95% copper, 5% tin and zinc
Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 48 grains
Edge: Plain
Business Strike Mintage: 1,690,839,942
Proof Mintage: 98,000 (estimated)

The Indian head cent, designed by James B. Longacre and introduced into the coinage system in 1859, was struck in copper-nickel alloy (88% copper and 12% nickel) from that point through the middle of the Civil War. During that conflict, coins of all types were hoarded, including copper-nickel cents. In their place appeared thousands of different varieties of privately-issued cent-size tokens struck in bronze. These were readily accepted by the public. The situation did not go unnoticed at the Mint, and soon a proposal was made to drop the copper-nickel metal, which had caused many striking difficulties due to its hardness, and replace it with bronze. This was done in 1864. Apart from the metallic composition, the format remained the same as used earlier. Later in 1864, a tiny L, the initial of Longacre, was added inconspicuously on the obverse. The position of the last feather of the headdress in relation to the last several letters of AMERICA was changed in 1886.

Although there are a number of scarce varieties within the 1864-1909 span, including 1864 with Lon ribbon, 1871, 1872, 1877 (in particular), and 1909-S, there are enough common dates that obtaining a specimen in any desired condition presents no problem. Examples are easily available in grades from Good through Uncirculated, although pristine, superb Uncirculated pieces are becoming increasingly scarce. Proofs were made in fairly large quantities and are readily available, particularly of dates after 1877.

Further Reading

Following the adoption of copper-nickel metal, beginning in 1857 for coinage of Flying Eagle cents, pieces were struck from this hard alloy. The Mint experienced many problems. Included were difficulties in preparing the planchets and rapid die wear due to the hardness of the metal. This metal hardness situation continued after the change to the Indian head design in 1859. It was proposed that a thin copper or bronze format be adopted, but this was rejected on the theory that the pieces would not be "substantial" enough to be accepted by the public.

When thin bronze Civil War tokens were circulated by the millions in 1863 and were being accepted by citizens and merchants alike as being worth one cent in trade value, the Mint took sharp notice. The public was willing to accept lightweight bronze coins after all!

Proof dies for the 1863 copper-nickel cent were used to strike a number of pattern cents on thin bronze planchets. Perhaps to differentiate these from copper-nickel issues (although such differentiations weren't needed, as the metal differed in coloration), the dies were misaligned 180 degrees, so that the obverse and reverse of each trial striking were oriented in the same direction (whereas on regular issues the obverse and reverse are aligned in opposition). These particular pattern issues, listed as Judd-299, were struck to the extent of hundreds of specimens. They are particularly significant for they were the forerunners of the small bronze cents which were used for more than a hundred years afterward (with the exception of 1943).

At the beginning of 1864 the old copper-nickel standard was in effect, but soon the new bronze cent, a coin of thinner format weighing only 48 grains (in comparison to 72 grains for the copper-nickel issue), became the standard. Most 1864 thin bronze cents were struck without Longacre's initial "L" on the ribbon, but a few million were made with the distinctive "L" signature. These latter pieces, several times more elusive than the earlier issues, are considered scarce today.

Beginning in 1858, Proof sets were readily available to collectors. Prior to that time, distribution was made primarily to those with special connections at the Mint, to influential politicians, and others. By 1864 the ordering of Proof sets was a popular pastime for numismatists. Sets were produced early in the year. Indian cents at the time were the type without the "L". Later, an estimated 20 pieces of the 1864 "L" variety were made in Proof, thus creating a rarity. The Guide Book estimates Proof mintages of 1864 cents to have been 370 of the copper-nickel type, 150 of the bronze type without "L", and 20 of the bronze type with "L".

Shortly after the introduction of the bronze cent, the Mint began redeeming the "old" copper-nickel cents-at an initial rate of over 10,000,000 per year. At one time the director of the Mint noted this was wasteful and unnecessary, but the practice continued.

Small bronze Indian cents were minted continuously from 1864 to 1909, thus creating a separate design type. In this span several interesting varieties occur. The so-called 1869/8 "overdate" (although it may be a recut 1869 date rather than 1869 over 8) is three times or more rare than a regular 1869. In 1873 varieties with open 3 and closed 3 were made. In the same year an interesting variety with the word LIBERTY sharply doubled on the headdress was produced. These latter pieces are quite rare, and only a few dozen exist.

In 1886 the hub die was changed. Indian cents from 1859 through mid-1886 have the last feather of the headdress pointing between the I and the C of AMERICA; from mid-1886 to the end of the series in 1909 the same feather points between the C and the A – so both varieties appear on 1886 coins.

Another interesting variety is provided by the 1888/7 overdate, discovered by James F. Ruddy in 1970 when he found a pair of them while going through a group of Indian cents which had been secreted for years in a Virginia mansion. How unusual it was to find two pieces together, especially since the variety had never been identified before! The overdate is fairly clear, especially on higher grade pieces. The issue remains rare today, and the total population is probably not more than a dozen or so. The two discovery coins went in different directions, one to Maryland dealer Julian Leidman and the other to Robert Marks, an Arkansas collector.

In 1908 cents were struck for the first time at a branch mint. Slightly more than one million 1908-S coins were produced, followed by 309,000 1909-S Indian cents the following year. These constitute the only mintmark varieties of the series. The year 1909 saw the final production of Indian cents. They soon became relics of the past.

Setting aside Indian cents was a popular pastime of many storekeepers during the 1940s. When I first started collecting in the early 1950s, Indian cents had all but disappeared from circulation. In looking through a bag of 1,000 cents obtained at a local bank, representing $10 face value, I would be lucky to find one or two Indian pieces, usually of such dates as 1905, 1907, or some other common issue, worn nearly smooth. Within a few years none there were to be seen. However, hope springs eternal, and in 1983 a Bethlehem, New Hampshire collector found a 1905 Indian cent in circulation (big deal – it was worth about 50¢).

Among bronze Indian cents of the 1864-1909 years there are a number of scarce issues. In general, pieces dated prior to 1879 are elusive.  1864-L, 1871, 1872, and in particular 1877 are key dates. Even a well­worn 1877 cent is an object of numismatic desire. Later scarce issues are limited to 1908-S and 1909-S.

Uncirculated pieces with full original mint color are scarce for issues dated prior to 1879. Later Indian cents, although much more plentiful in worn grades, still are not seen with great frequency in high states of preservation. It is an unfortunate commentary on the market for Indian (and early Lincoln) cents that the majority of "Choice brilliant Uncirculated" pieces advertised owe their "brilliance" to dipping or cleaning. Most of these are simply Extremely Fine, AU, or brown Uncirculated pieces that have been given the artificial appearance of brilliant Uncirculated.

This situation, although existing for a number of years, blossomed around 1960 when an enterprising dealer discovered that vast numbers of new collectors were coming into the market, people who could read advertisements and who knew that "brilliant Uncirculated" was a good condition to own, but didn't know the first thing about how to determine the grade. A few minutes spent cleaning an Extremely Fine coin and, presto, a coin worth $1 or $2 magically became worth $50.  Or, so it appeared. To stimulate sales, these pieces, really worth $50 if they had truly been brilliant Uncirculated, were advertised at discount prices, say, $20 to $30. As readers of popular periodicals could not determine which ones were truly in the grades stated and which ones were not, and as the periodicals themselves did little in the way of policing advertisers, the result followed Gresham's Law: the bad drove out the good. Soon the market for all Indian cents weakened, as collectors were confused and disoriented. Twenty years later the appeal of collecting Indian cents in higher grades had not fully recovered.

At the same time, it should be mentioned that the collector or dealer with an experienced eye can quickly determine such pieces, so they pose no real threat. However, there is an apparent threat, and this has deterred many would-be buyers. The pricing structure of legitimate Choice Brilliant Uncirculated pieces is thus much, much lower than it really should be, resulting in a windfall of a sort for experienced numismatists who can purchase beautiful coins, when they can be located, for prices that are probably fractions of what they otherwise should be!

The type set collector will find that any Indian cent of the 1900s will suffice. Issues in this range are plentiful in all grades. I advise that the date collector adopt a condition standard and try to stick to it. For example, issues prior to 1879 might be collected in Fine grade, while later pieces (which are less expensive) might be in Extremely Fine preservation. Of course, those who can afford it would be advised to assemble Uncirculated or Proof pieces, taking care to avoid misrepresented items.

Indian head "pennies" were part of the American scene for a long time, from 1859 to 1909. Today a well-worn example has an interesting tale to tell – where has it been, what has it seen? Such items are in­ credibly romantic. As child in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, I once saw a group of Indian cents imbedded face-up in a concrete doorstep. Never having seen such pieces before, and realizing that they were at once unusual and rare, I desired to own one. Shortly thereafter, at an auction held as part of a church benefit, an iron bank full of pennies came up for sale. I had seen it earlier, and peering through the latticework of the toy bank I saw Indian cents within. But the price realized for the bank and contents was $3, far more than an eight year old could afford at the time.